Subgingival bacterial microbiota associated with ovine periodontitis / Microbiota bacteriana subgengival associada à periodontite ovina

Periodontitis is an inflammatory response in a susceptible host caused by complex microbiota, predominantly composed of Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. Aiming to characterize the subgingival bacterial microbiota associated with ovine periodontitis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in subgingival periodontal pocket samples of 14 sheep with severe periodontitis and in subgingival sulcus biofilm of 14 periodontally healthy sheep in search mainly of Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms considered important periodontopathogens. The most prevalent bacteria in the sheep with periodontal lesions were Tannerella forsythia (78.6%), Treponema denticola (78.6%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (64.3%), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (50%), whereas in the healthy sheep, F. nucleatum (42.8%) was the most often detected bacterium. Statistically significant differences were observed for Campylobacter rectus, Enterococcus faecium, Prevotella nigrescens, T. forsythia, and T. denticola (p<0.05) in the sheep with periodontitis in the comparison between groups. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Porphyromonas gulae were not detected in any of the samples analyzed. In conclusion, C. rectus, E. faecium, P. nigrescens, T. forsythia, and T. denticola were associated with severe lesions caused by ovine periodontitis, and F. nucleatum was the most prevalent microorganism in the subgengival sulcus biofilm of healthy sheep.(AU)

Periodontite é a resposta inflamatória de um hospedeiro suscetível causada por complexa microbiota, composta predominantemente por bactérias anaeróbias Gram-negativas. Com o objetivo de caracterizar a microbiota bacteriana subgengival associada à periodontite ovina foi realizada a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) de amostras de biofilme subgengival de 14 ovinos com a enfermidade e 14 ovinos periodontalmente saudáveis, com destaque para micro-organismos Gram-negativos e Gram-positivos considerados importantes periodontopatógenos. As bactérias mais prevalentes em 14 animais com lesões periodontais foram Tannerella forsythia (78,6%), Treponema denticola (78,6%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (64,3%) e Porphyromonas gingivalis (50%). Entretanto, nos 14 ovinos sem lesões periodontais, F. nucleatum (42,8%) foi a bactéria mais detectada. Associação estatisticamente diferente foi observada para Campylobacter rectus, Enterococcus faecium, Prevotella nigrescens, T. forsythia e T. denticola (p<0,05) nos ovinos com periodontite em comparação entre os dois grupos. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Enterococcus faecalis e Porphyromonas gulae não foram detectados em nenhuma das amostras pesquisadas. Conclui-se que C. rectus, E. faecium, P. nigrescens, T. forsythia e T. denticola estão associados às lesões resultantes da periodontite ovina com manifestação clínica grave e F. nucleatum o micro-organismo mais prevalente no biofilme subgengival de animais periodontalmente sadios.(AU)

Presence of Porphyromonas and Prevotella species in the oral microflora of cattle with periodontitis / Presença de espécies de Porphyromonas e Prevotella na microbiota oral de bovinos com periodontite

Bovine periodontitis is a progressive purulent infectious process associated with the presence of strictly and facultative anaerobic subgingival biofilm and epidemiologically related to soil management in large geographic areas of Brazil. This study aimed to detect species of the genera Porphyromonas and Prevotella, which occurr in periodontal pockets of cattle with lesions deeper than 5mm (n=26) and in gingival sulcus of animals considered periodontally healthy (n=25). Presence of the microorganisms was evaluated by independent-culture medium diagnostic method, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers of Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, P. endodontalis, P. gingivalis, P. gulae, Prevotella buccae, P. intermedia, P. loescheii, P. melaninogenica, P. nigrescens, P. oralis and P. tannerae. The species P. endodontalis (80.7%), P. melaninogenica (73.1%) and P. intermedia (61.5%) were the most predominant in samples of cattle with periodontitis. Regarding non-injured gingival sulcus of cattle, P. endodontalis (40%) and P. loeschei (40%) prevailed. Porphyromonas gingivalis, P. gulae and Prevotella tannerae were not detected in the 51 samples studied. Data evaluation by T test, enabled to verify that ocorrence of Porphyromonas asaccharolytica (p=0.000003), P. endodontalis (p=0.0023), Prevotella buccae (p=0.0017), P. intermedia (p=0.0020), P. melaninogenica (p=0.00006) and P. oralis (p=0.0028) is correlated with bovine periodontitis...

A periodontite bovina é um processo infeccioso purulento e progressivo associado à presença de biofilme subgengival anaeróbio estrito e facultativo e de incidência em extensas áreas geográficas do Brasil. O trabalho teve por objetivo detectar espécies dos gêneros Porphyromonas e Prevotella presentes na bolsa periodontal de bovinos com lesões de profundidade maior que 5mm (n=26) e do sulco gengival de animais com idade de 6 a 24 meses e considerados periodontalmente sadios (n=25). A presença dos microrganismos foi avaliada pelo método independente de cultivo bacteriano, por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) com iniciadores específicos para Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, P. endodontalis, P. gingivalis, P. gulae, Prevotella buccae, P. intermedia, P. loescheii, P. melalinogenica, P. nigrescens, P. oralis e P. tannerae. P. endodontalis (80,7%), P. melalinogenica (73,1%) e P. intermedia (61,5%) foram os mais prevalentes nas amostras de bovinos com periodontite. Já no sulco gengival de bovinos sem lesões prevaleceram P. endodontalis (40%) e P. loeschei (40%). Porphyromonas gingivalis, P. gulae e Prevotella tannerae não foram detectados nas 51 amostras pesquisadas. A partir da avaliação dos dados pelo teste T, verificou-se que a ocorrência de Porphyromonas asaccharolytica (p=0.000003), P. endodontalis (p=0.0023), Prevotella buccae (p=0.0017), P. intermedia (p=0.0020), P. melalinogenica (p=0.00006) e P. oralis (p=0.0028) está associada à periodontite bovina...

Antimicrobial Susceptibility to ß-lactams and Metronidazole of Microorganisms Isolated from Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis / Susceptibilidad Antimicrobiana a ß-lactámicos y Metronidazol de Microorganismos Aislados de Periodontitis Crónica y Agresiva

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial susceptibility to ß-lactams and metronidazole, and evaluate the production of ß-lactamases by microorganisms isolated from patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis. The samples were obtained from 50 patients with periodontitis and microorganisms were isolated onto selective and nonselective culture media, identified by biochemical methods and tested for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents (amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefoxitin, imipenem, metronidazole, penicillin G). The isolates were resistant to at least 1 mg/ml of any drug tested were evaluated to verify the production of ß-lactamases by the method of double layer (or biological) and chromogenic cephalosporin using nitrocefin. The results evidenced resistance to amoxicillin and penicillin G, while the susceptibility to association amoxicillin/clavulanate, imipenem and cefoxitin was widely disseminated among the organisms. Resistance to these drugs showed a clear correlation with the production of ß-lactamase in the majority of microbial groups.

El objetivo fue evaluar la susceptibilidad a ß-lactámicos y metronidazol, y evaluar la producción de ß-lactamasas por microorganismos aislados de pacientes con periodontitis crónica y agresivo. Las muestras fueron obtenido de 50 pacientes con periodontitis y microorganismos aislados en medios de cultivo selectivos y no selectivos, identificados por métodos bioquímicos y probados a la susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos (amoxicilina, amoxicilina/clavulanato, cefoxitina, imipenem, metronidazol, penicilina G). Los aislados fueron resistentes a por lo menos 1 mg/ml de cualquier drogas analizadas fueron evaluados para verificar la producción de ß-lactamasas por el método de doble capa (o biológico) y nitrocefina. Los resultados mostraron resistencia a amoxicilina y penicilina G, mientras la susceptibilidad a la asociación amoxicilina/ clavulanate, cefoxitina y imipenem fue ampliamente difundido entre los microrganismos. Resistencia a estas drogas mostraron una clara correlación con la producción de ß-lactamasas en la mayoría de grupos microbianos.

Distribution of serotype-specific genotypes of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in Brazilian patients with down syndrome with different periodontal conditions / Distribución de los serotipos genotipos específicos de aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans en los pacientes brasileños con síndrome de down con diferentes condiciones periodontales

This study evaluated the occurrence of highly or minimally leukotoxic strains of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) from patients with Down syndrome and the distribution of the different serotype-specific genotypes of this microorganism. Sixty-seven patients with Down syndrome were subjected to dental, periodontal and radiographic evaluations. Samples of subgingival biofilm were collected and plated onto TSBV agar and characteristic colonies of A. actinomycetemcomitans were identified by biochemical methods. The occurrence of this bacterium was also evaluated directly in the clinical specimens by PCR. The presence of 530 bp deletion in the promoter region was also determined by PCR in order to evaluate distribution of highly or minimally leukotoxic strains. A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected in 11.1 percent by culture and 22.2 percent by PCR from periodontally healthy subjects, 100 percent of the patients with Down syndrome with aggressive periodontitis, 50 percent and 75 percent of patients with chronic periodontitis by culture and PCR respectively. Only two patients with aggressive periodontitis were colonized by highly leukotoxic Aa. Serotype-specific genotypes a and c were the most prevalent. The results suggest the role of peculiar characteristics of Aa and patients with Down syndrome in the development of periodontitis and the influence of peculiar characteristics of the population in this process.

Este estudio evaluó la presencia de cepas altamente o mínimamente toxicas de Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) de los pacientes con síndrome de Down y la distribución de los serotipos genotipos específicos de este microrganismo por cultivo y PCR. Sesenta y siete pacientes con síndrome de Down fueron sometidos a un tratamiento dental y evaluaciones clínicas. Las muestras de biofilme subgingival fueron recogidas y cultivadas en agar TSBV y colonias características de Aa fueran identificadas mediante métodos bioquímicos. La presencia de esta bacteria se evaluó también directamente en las muestras clínicas por PCR. Los aislados y las muestras clínicas también se probaron con el fin de evaluar la distribución de serotipos de genotipos específicos por PCR, mientras que la presencia de delección de 530 bp en la región promotora del gen ltxC también fue determinado por PCR con el fin de evaluar de distribución de las cepas altamente o mínimamente toxicas. Aa fue aislado en 11,1 por ciento y 22,2 por ciento por PCR de pacientes periodontalmente sanos; en todos los pacientes con síndrome de Down con periodontitis agresiva, y en 50 por ciento y 75 por ciento de los pacientes con periodontitis crónica por cultivo y PCR, respectivamente. Sólo dos pacientes con periodontitis agresiva fueron colonizados por cepas altamente tóxicas. Los serotipos y genotipos específicos a y c fueron los más frecuentes. Los resultados sugieren una asociación de las peculiares características de Aa con las características de los pacientes con síndrome de Down en el desarrollo de la periodontitis.

Antimicrobial activity of six plant extracts from the Brazilian savanna on periodontal pathogens / Actividad antimicrobiana de seis extractos de plantas de la sabana brasileña en patógenos periodontales

The extracts of plants from Brazilian savanna are currently used in popular medicine. This study evaluated the inhibitory activity of the alcoholic and aqueous extracts from savanna plants on periodontal bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentrations were evaluated by the agar dilution method, using Wilkins-Chalgren agar. Antimicrobial activity of plants extracts on microbial biofilms was determined in microplates. Psidium cattleianum and Myracrodruon urundeuva extracts demonstrated significant inhibitory activity on all bacterial strains tested; alcoholic and aqueous extracts showed similar results. The extracts from these two species were able to inhibit both planktonic cells and microbial biofilm.

Los extractos de las plantas de la sabana brasileña actualmente se utilizan en la medicina popular. Este estudio evaluó la actividad inhibitoria de los extractos alcohólicos y acuosos de plantas de la sabana en bacterias periodontales. Las concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas fueron evaluados por el método de dilución en agar, utilizando agar Wilkins-Chalgren. La actividad antimicrobiana de los extractos de plantas en las biopelículas microbianas se determinó en microplacas. Los extractos de Psidium cattleianum y Myracrodruon urundeuva demostraron una importante actividad inhibitoria sobre todas las cepas bacterianas probadas, extractos alcohólicos y acuosos mostraron resultados similares. Los extractos de estas dos especies fueron capaces de inhibir las células planctónicas y biofilm microbiano.

Occurrence of yeasts, pseudomonads and enteric bacteria in the oral cavity of patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of yeasts, pseudomonads and enteric bacteria in the oral cavity of patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT) for treatment of head and neck cancer. Fifty patients receiving RT were examined before, during and 30 days after RT. Saliva, mucosa, and biofilm samples were collected and microorganisms were detected by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The most prevalent yeasts in patients submitted to RT were Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis. Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas were the most frequently cultivated bacteria. Before RT, targeted bacteria were cultivated from 22.2 percent of edentulous patients and 16.6 percent of dentate patients; 30 days after RT, these microorganisms were recovered from 77.8 percent edentulous and 46.8 percent dentate patients. By PCR, these microorganisms were detected from all edentulous patients, 78.1 percent of dentate patients. The presence of Gram-negative enteric roads and fungi was particularly frequent in patients presenting mucositis level III or IV. Modifications in the oral environment due to RT treatment seem to facilitate the colonization of oral cavity by members of family Enterobacteriaceae, genera Enterococcus and Candida.

Evaluation of oral health in a community of native Brazilians of the Umutina Reservation, Mato Grosso State / Evaluación de la salud oral en una comunidad de Brasileños nativos de la Reserva Umutina, Estado de Mato Grosso

The occurrence of diseases and variations from normality is very common in the maxillofacial complex,and this phenomenon is closely associated to peculiar genetic determinants and influenced by genetic isolation. Studies on the distribution of oral diseases and variations from normality in South American natives are generally directed mainly to thestudy of dental caries in the children and periodontal diseases in the adults, disregarding a wide range of other oral diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of lesions and anatomical variations from normality in eight ethnic groups living in the Umutina Indian Reservation, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, through physical and oral examinations besides cytological evaluation and assessment of diet and habits, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption. A total of 291 Indians, of both genders, with ages ranging from 1 to 96 years, were examined, being identified 132 variations from normality,evidencing a high occurrence of ankyloglossia, which was present in 108 cases (37.1 percent), followed by benign migratory glossitis in 5 cases (1.7 percent); mandibular torus and candidiasis in 3 cases (1.0 percent). No malignant lesion was identified in thepopulation.

La ocurrencia de enfermedades y variaciones de normalidad son muy comunes en el complejo maxilofacial. Este fenómeno se asocia estrechamente a determinantes genéticos peculiares y son influenciados a través del aislamiento genético. Estudios sobre la distribución de enfermedad oral y variaciones de la normalidad en nativos Sudamericanos son generalmente dirigidos al estudio de la caries dental en niños y enfermedad periodontal en adultos, dejando de lado una amplia gama de otras enfermedades orales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la distribución de lesiones y las variaciones anatómicas de normalidad en ocho grupos étnicos indígenas pertenecientes a la reserva Umutina, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, a través del examen físico y oral, además de la evaluación citológica y valoración de dieta y hábitos como tabaco y consumo de alcohol. Un total de 291 indígenas de ambos sexos, con edades que van de 1 a 96 años fueron examinados, identificándose 132 variaciones de normalidad, evidenciando una alta ocurrencia de anquiloglosia, la cual se presentó en 108 casos (37,1 por ciento), seguido por glositis migratoria benigna en 5 casos (1,7 por ciento); torus mandibular y candidiasis en 3 casos (1,0 por ciento). Ninguna lesión maligna se identificó en la población.

Contaminação Microbiana das Soluções de Processamento Radiográfico: Risco de Infecção Cruzada / Microbial Contamination of Radiographic Developing and Fixing Solutions: Risk of Cross Infection

Objetivo: Avaliar a contaminação microbiana em amostras de revelador e fixador radiográficos água de processamento radiográfico, água do equipo odontológico e da fonte externa de água do consultório. Método: Amostras de 50 consultórios particulares e de 20 consultórios da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba-UNESP foram coletadas. As amostras foram submetidas à neutralização dos agentes inibitórios residuais e submetidas à pré-enriquecimento em água peptonada e caldo EVA e inoculadas em meios de cultura seletivos e não seletivos. O DNA nas amostras foi extraído e a presença de microrganismos superinfectantes foi avaliada por PCR. As diferenças na prevalência dos microrganismos nas amostras de soluções foram submetidas ao teste análise de variância de medidas repetitivas para dados categóricos, enquanto os testes de Qui-Quadrado e de Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para avaliar a existência de possíveis associações entre o número total de microrganismos heterotróficos e os protocolos de controle de infecção. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%.Resultados: Verificou-se que as amostras de fixador eram contaminadas em uma freqüência muito menor do que o revelador e água de processamento radiográfico, sendo que essa última mostrava microrganismos tipicamente originados da microbiota bucal e da pele humanas, bem como microrganismos freqüentemente encontrados na água do equipo odontológico. A contaminação da água de processamento foi menor em consultórios onde o invólucro da película radiográfica recebia desinfecção antes do processamento ou era recoberto com filme plástico. Adicionalmente, todas as amostras de água da fonte externa do consultório se mostraram potáveis.Conclusão: A utilização de barreiras filmes plásticos de proteção a película mostrou ser a melhor forma de reduzir a contaminação dessas soluções

Objective: To evaluate the microbial contamination in samples of radiographic developing and fixing solutions, radiographic processing water, dental unit waterlines and dental officeÆs external water supply. Methods: Samples of 50 private dental offices and 20 dental offices of the School of Dentistry de Araçatuba-UNESP were collected. The samples were subjected to neutralization of the residual inhibitory agents followed by pre-enrichment in peptone water and EVA broth and were inoculated in selective and non-selective culture media. The DNA of the samples was extracted and the presence of superinfectant microorganisms was evaluated by PCR. The differences in the prevalence of the microorganisms in the samples of the solutions were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance for category data, while the Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney tests were used to evaluate the existence of associations between the total number of heterotrophic microorganisms and infection control protocols. The significance level was set at 5%.Results: Samples of radiographic fixing solution presented a remarkably less frequent contamination than radiographic developing solution and radiographic processing water. The latter exhibited microorganisms typically originated from the oral microbiota and human skin as well as microorganisms frequently found in dental unit waterlines. There was less contamination of radiographic processing water in the dental offices where the x-ray film packets were disinfected before processing or were covered by a plastic film. Additionally, all samples of dental officeÆs external water supply were drinkable.Conclusion: Covering the x-ray film packets with a plastic film protection barrier was proven the best manner to reduce the contamination of the evaluated solutions

Microbiota associated with chronic osteomyelitis of the jaws

Chronic osteomyelitis of maxilla and mandible is rare in industrialized countries and its occurrence in developing countries is associated with trauma and surgery, and its microbial etiology has not been studied thoroughly. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the microbiota associated with osteomyelitis of mandible or maxilla from some Brazilian patients. After clinical and radiographic evaluation, samples of bone sequestra, purulent secretion, and biopsies of granulomatous tissues from twenty-two patients with chronic osteomyelitis of mandible and maxilla were cultivated and submitted for pathogen detection by using a PCR method. Each patient harbored a single lesion. Bacterial isolation was performed on fastidious anaerobe agar supplemented with hemin, menadione and horse blood for anaerobes; and on tryptic soy agar supplemented with yeast extract and horse blood for facultative bacteria and aerobes. Plates were incubated in anaerobiosis and aerobiosis, at 37ºC for 14 and 3 days, respectively. Bacteria were cultivated from twelve patient samples; and genera Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, Parvimonas, and Staphylococcus were the most frequent. By PCR, bacterial DNA was detected from sixteen patient samples. The results suggest that cases of chronic osteomyelitis of the jaws are usually mixed anaerobic infections, reinforcing the concept that osteomyelitis of the jaws are mainly related to microorganisms from the oral environment, and periapical and periodontal infections may act as predisposing factors.

Condições de saúde de pacientes do gênero feminino com dependência química / Health conditions of female patients with chemical dependency

O presente estudo avaliou as condições gerais e bucais de saúde de pacientes do gênero feminino mantidas em um programa para recuperação de dependentes químicos e de pacientes que não utilizaram esses compostos. Utilizando-se de anamnese, avaliações médicas e odontológicas, as condições de saúde de 160 pacientes foram examinadas, das quais 80 apresentavam dependência química e 80 não utilizavam drogas. As drogas mais consumidas foram o tabaco, álcool e crack, quase sempre em diferentes associações. As pacientes com dependência química apresentaram freqüência aumentada de alterações comportamentais, além de diferentes enfermidades envolvendo os sistemas imunológico e cardiovascular, com destaque para as de reações inflamatórias e infecciosas e retardo no processo de reparo tecidual. Na cavidade bucal, verificou-se maior ocorrência de periodontite e gengivite...

This study evaluated the general and oral health conditions of female patients included in a program for recovering drug addiction and patients who did not use drugs. By means of anamnesis and medical history, as well as medical and dental assessments, the health conditions of 160 patients were assessed; 80 presented drug dependence and 80 do not use drugs. The most frequently used drugs were tobacco, alcohol, and crack, usually in associations. The patients presenting chemical dependence had increased frequency of behavioral changes, as well as several diseases involving the immune and cardiovascular systems, de taching infectious and inflammatory reactions and delay in the process of tissue repair. In the oral cavity,it was verified a high occurrence of periodontitis and gingivitis...

Nebulizadores e a possibilidade de transmissão de microrganismos superinfectantes e oportunistas / Nebulizers and the possibility of transmission of superinfecting and opportunistic microorganisms

Objetivo: Avaliar por cultura e PCR a contaminação microbiana de nebulizadores utilizadas em clínicas particulares e públicas, bem como aparelhos de uso domiciliar e hospitalares. Materiais e Métodos: Foram coletadas amostras de máscaras, reservatórios e mangueiras de 50 nebulizadores, com auxílio de zaragatoas alginatadas, que eram transferidas para água peptonada e cultivadas após pré-enriquecimento em água peptonada ou caldo EVA. Após a obtenção de cultura pura fazia-se a identificação dos isolados através de testes fenotípicos. A presença dos principais microrganismos oportunistas foi avaliada por PCR utilizando-se de iniciadores e condições de amplificação específicos.Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que não existe uma orientação adequada sobre como deve a contaminação dos dispositivos dos nebulizadores ser controlada, sendo que a freqüência de microrganismos entéricos, estafilococos e pseudomonados foi bastante elevada, particularmente nas amostras obtidas de aparelhos descontaminados com etanol ou que apenas recebiam higiene mecânica. Conclusão: O estudo mostra que os nebulizadores, independentemente se âmbito hospitalar ou domiciliar, são possíveis vias de transmissão de patógenos associados com infecções resistentes a antimicrobianos e essas vias deve ser consideradas com maior ênfase na prevenção.

Objective: Thus, this study evaluated by culture and PCR microbial contamination of nebulizers used in private and public clinics, as well as nebulizers for home and hospital use. Material and Methods: Samples were collected from masks, shells and cups of 50 nebulizers, using sterile swabs, which were transferred to peptoned water and submitted to pre-enrichment in peptone water or EVA broth. After obtaining pure cultures, the identification of the isolates was performed by phenotypic tests. The presence of the main opportunistic microorganisms was also evaluated by PCR using specific primers and conditions. Results: The results showed that there is not proper guidance on how the microbial contamination of the devices of the nebulizers could be controlled, and the frequency of enteric organisms, staphylococci and pseudomonads was particularly high in samples of equipment decontaminated with ethanol or that only received mechanical hygiene. Conclusion: The study shown that the nebulizers, despite if their use is at home or at hospitals, they are possible routes of transmission of pathogens associated with infections resistant to antibiotics and theses routes should be considered with greater emphasis on prevention.

Influence of local tetracycline on the microbiota of alveolar osteitis in rats

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of local tetracycline on the occurrence of alveolar osteitis in rats, and on the microbiota associated to this infection. Forty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=10): I - the rats had the maxillary right incisor extracted and the alveolar wound did not receive any treatment; II - adrenaline and Ringer-PRAS were introduced into the alveolar wound; III - the alveolar wound was irrigated with sterile saline; and IV - the alveolar wound was irrigated with an aqueous solution of tetracycline. Microbial samples from the alveolar wounds were collected 2 days after surgery and inoculated on blood agar (with and without 8 µg/mL of tetracycline) and other selective media, and were incubated in either aerobiosis or anaerobiosis at 37ºC, for 2 to 14 days. It was verified that tetracycline reduced the occurrence of alveolar osteitis in the rats and caused significant changes in the microbiota of the surgical sites, decreasing the number of anaerobes and increasing the participation of tetracycline-resistant and multi-resistant microorganisms.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do uso tópico de tetraciclina sobre a ocorrência de alveolite em ratos e sobre a microbiota a ela associada. Quarenta ratos foram divididos, ao acaso, em 4 grupos (n=10): grupo I, realizou-se somente a extração do incisivo superior direito e a ferida alveolar não recebeu nenhum tratamento; grupo II, além da extração dental, soluções de adrenalina e Ringer-PRAS foram introduzidas no interior do alvéolo; grupo III, a ferida alveolar foi irrigada com solução salina estéril; grupo IV, a ferida alveolar foi irrigada com solução aquosa de cloridrato de tetraciclina a 10 por cento. As amostras dos alvéolos para processamento microbiológico foram coletadas dois dias após a realização das cirurgias e foram inoculadas em ágar sangue com ou sem 8 µg/mL de tetraciclina e em outros meios de cultura seletivos, incubadas em aerobiose ou anaerobiose, a 37ºC, de 2 a 14 dias. Verificou-se que a tetraciclina reduziu a ocorrência de alveolite e provocou uma modificação significativa na microbiota do sítio cirúrgico, levando a uma redução nas proporções ocupadas pelos microrganismos anaeróbios e uma elevação da participação de microrganismos resistentes à tetraciclina e outros antimicrobianos.